Bob Turner started his lecture with the premise that island Britain is imbedded in the British psyche. Dover Cliffs epitomise national identity, but it has not always been that way. The separation of Britain from Europe affected the indigenous people.
Showing the AHOB chart of glacial and interglacial periods, he explained post-glacial sea rises, but said that 450,000 years ago most of Britain was accessible to migration from Europe. The only block was the river system (Thames, Rhine, Seine) all going to the Atlantic. Migrants probably did not come from Brittany, but via Germany and Belgium.
A domed chalk ridge linked England to France, of which Dover cliffs were part, with the same chalk escarpment left on both sides of the Channel.
Some of what followed of current thinking remains speculation/guesswork, he suggested we come back in a couple of years to test it. Mesolithic Britain separated from France 6200BC, but was separated before. Research in 2007 using new technology followed the palaeo-Arun offshore extension, and discovered a sudden drop-off into a cut valley running down the channel, and similar results occurred from the Solent. Elongated islands and funnel shape resulted from strong tides, with very little silt – carved out by a lot of water very quickly. In the northern Channel a series of islands with elongated flat tops pointed at the end were found – classic catastrophic flood terrains.
As the ice melted a lake formed where the North Sea now is, developing behind the chalk ridge. The first Brexit was 450,000 years ago as the chalk ridge started to overflow. Dover being prone to earthquakes, the dam was breached, and the water began to gouge channels. These rifts would have silted up repeatedly. There were two major breaks, 450,000 and 150,000 years ago, when a million cubic metres of water per second for several months would have poured through. At the end of the last glacial, rising sea levels meant a final break, after glaciers scooped the bed of the ice sheet.
A maximum of 28,000 years ago the ice slowly retreated releasing waters. Doggerland provided an access area to Britain, but by 6500BC was a low lying area of marsh and small islands linked to Europe. It had a good climate (warmer than today) and good land. An undersea landslide in Norway (the Storegga slide) created one of the greatest tsunamis the world has ever known. It could have been caused by unstable land, and earthquake, or an explosion of methane hydrate.
All Doggerland was submerged, and England was an island. Funnelled from the North Sea, the water broke through the last remnants of the Channel chalk ridge. The impact would have been catastrophic.
Goodbye to Europe – again!

The National Trust tells us that ‘winter is the best time to wrap up warm, throw on some wellies and go for an invigorating walk’ and this is how a group of 16 WAS members, wearing our warmest layers, celebrated the New Year on January 7th.

We chose a simple but favourite 3 mile route from Angmering to Highdown and back again ending up at the cosy traditional pub The Spotted Cow for drinks and lunch. We crossed the A280 dual carriageway via the footbridge and along Ecclesden Lane passing the historic Ecclesden Manor House with a view of Ecclesden Mill beyond.

The manor house is a Grade 2 listed building was first recorded in 1324 and rebuilt by John Forster in 1634. ‘Two storeys and attic. Seven windows. Faced with flints and some red brick. Horsham slab roof, partly replaced with tiles. Casement windows with stone mullions. Central gable with kneelers and ball finials raised aloft on iron uprights resting on brick and stone piers. Round-headed doorway with pilasters and keystone over. Modern additions to north’ [britishlistedbuildings.co.uk] This beautiful 7 bedroom 5 reception house is currently up for sale for a just under 3 million pounds – the description and images in the Savills brochure are astonishing (where’s my lottery ticket!). You can read more about Ecclesden, the manor, village and farm, the owners and tenants in Angmering Village Life http://www.angmeringvillage.co.uk

A little further along the lane and on the hill behind the manor is the once ‘topless’ windmill known as the Ecclesden Mill or Highdown New Mill. There have been several mills including a watermill built on or near to this site over the centuries but this one was built in 1826. It had a very short life as it was only working until 1872. ‘In 1880, the cap and sails were blown off.

By the 1930s the mill was an ivy clad ruin. It was converted into a house in the early 1970s’ [Highdown New Mill in Wikipedia]

The former mill and attached house are also currently for sale and Strutt and Parker describe it as ‘a truly unique property’. The owners have also re-capped the mill so it doesn’t look quite as quirky as the photo from Wikipedia.
We continued on our walk and soon the neat lane turned into a deep furrowed muddy track. We passed a large chalk pit to the left of the path which is named on an 1875 map as ‘the old chalk pit’ and now has a fine modern house and stables with landscaped gardens built in it.
Highdown Hill began to appear above the trees and we knew that sooner or later we would have to leave the relatively sheltered path and stride out into the wind and climb to the summit. Our leg muscles soon began to groan, the altitude of the brow is about 81 metres, and Jennie suggested that we walk backwards to ease the pain! The views from the top were stunning - you could see as far as Beachy Head one way, Arundel Castle and the spire of Chichester Cathedral the other.
We stood within the ramparts listening to Brenden's fascinating and thought-provoking talk about the early evidence of the Hillfort from Bronze Age through to Iron Age. He also told us about the extensive Saxon burial ground that was excavated in 1872 and the artifacts that were found. Alex explained his theory of flint mines that could possibly be hidden within the Hillfort area. He pointed out the known flint mining areas such as Cissbury, Church Hill and Blackpatch visible from our vantage point. The group discussed the ancient track-ways, possible barrows and other earthworks and, of course, the Roman Bath House that was excavated by Worthing Archaeological Society in 1937/38.
After paying our respects to the ‘Miller’ and admiring his tomb, we headed back down the slope. We searched for the lime kilns on the 1875 map (we’ll find them next time Connie) and crossed the Bath House field, through swamps and marshes and barbed wire fences to Angmering and our friends in the pub.
Thank you to all of the valiant walkers and brilliant speakers, to Keith for sending us his notes and illustrations and to Gill who had us all kicking over mole hills in search of flint tools and Roman pottery.
The AA describes our New Year’s route as a ‘bracing hilltop walk’ and it was positively invigorating in the cold easterly January winds.

 As well as being an active member of WAS, Nigel is a Civil War re-enactor, so his talk was illustrated with a wide selection of reproduction clothing, weapons and accoutrements that would have been used by an English soldier (on either side) in the 1640's.  He also covered the organisation of military groups, with particular emphasis on the 'dignity' of soldiers - where the origin of the expression 'rank and file' comes from.
The life of an English Civil War soldier would not have been a pleasant one, at least by today's standards - though one of the motive for joining up would be to get a jacket and sword; 17th century status symbols!
As well as seeing and handling historic kit, we also had a taste of the period with caraway-seed biscuits handed round.  A fascinating, informative and fun evening.

On the afternoon of Sunday 19th November 2017, there was a gathering on Worthing Pier to celebrate the installation of windows commemorating two of our eminent past members, John Pull (1899–1960) and Con Ainsworth (1917-2001).
Here is an extract of the speech given by Liz Lane:
"Worthing Archaeological Society is delighted to see our windows installed. There have been, and are,  many eminent Archaeologists in Sussex, but these our 'our' Archaeologists.
Very few of us now can say we knew John Pull, but we all knew of him. WAS owes him a lot, and this tribute is long overdue. There is a display dedicated to him in the Museum.
Many of us knew and appreciated Con's vast knowledge of the archaeology of Sussex, and he inspired many people to study and to get involved. This would have been his centenary year.
Sussex Archaeology Collections 2017 was recently published. The first article, on the flint mines of Long Down and Harrow Hill refers several times to John Pull. In an article on Binsted, Con is mentioned. They are both still significant in Sussex Archaeology.
We must say many thanks to Siobhan Jones, who designed and created the windows at the Forge. We wanted to show John Pull as Archaeologist, Geologist and talented Illustrator, hence his drawings of axes on the shepherd's crowns.
We couldn't easily illustrate Con's important dig at Binsted, but there is a pot in his window. Also Cissbury and the flint mines, Cissbury being significant for both gentlemen, for WAS and for Worthing."
Alex Vincent talked about how Con Ainsworth had encouraged his interest in archaeology, and Glyn talked about knowing John Pull as his postman!  Members of the families also gave short speeches.

Above: Amanda O'Carroll, granddaughter of John Pull, and Sue Lyon, daughter of Con Ainsworth.  Below: Glyn reminiscing about John Pull.

Seventeen of us spent a fascinating day in the very special setting of the Downs Barn in Sompting. Led by Bob and with Gill providing expertise on a viewing of the Upton flint collection, we sat under gazebos for protection from the sun and knapped happily to our hearts content.
Bob’s aim was for us to produce a flint tool kit which during Neolithic times would have consisted of at least 9 different types of tools. All members of the family would have taken part with the younger ones learning knapping skills from their elders. Essential for skinning animals to provide food, fashioning wooden implements and so on, flint continued to be used prolifically until the Bronze Age when the use of flints decreased with the introduction of metal.
This was very much a ‘hands on’ demonstration as was evident from the amount of plasters needed during the flint knapping process, flint being an extremely sharp material!
Connie brought along a deer skin which a few brave souls amongst us (not me!) applied their newly fashioned blades to.
Towards the end of the day, Bob gave us all a lump of flint and tasked us (in 20 minutes!) with the job of fashioning a flint tool of some sort. We then went round to each person to say what type of tool we had made and what it would have been used for.
We learnt a lot and had a great time and many thanks to Gill and Bob for their tuition and for everyone who made it such a splendid day.
Patricia